The Role of Memory B Cells in Rapid Antibody Production Upon Re-Exposure to Antigens

The human immune system has evolved sophisticated mechanisms to combat pathogens efficiently and effectively. One...

Understanding Somatic Hypermutation and Affinity Maturation in Antibody Gene Rearrangement

The human immune system is a complex and dynamic network designed to identify and neutralize...

Antibody Response Variability in Individuals Infected With the Same Pathogenic Organism

When a pathogenic organism infects a host, the immune system responds by producing antibodies—proteins that...

Challenges in Developing Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Against Rapidly Mutating Viruses

Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) represent a promising frontier in the fight against rapidly mutating viruses,...

How Antibodies Recognize and Bind Antigens Through Their Variable Regions and Paratopes

The immune system is an intricate network designed to protect the body from foreign invaders...

Mechanisms Behind Antibody-Antigen Binding Affinity and Specificity in Immune Interactions

The immune system is a sophisticated network designed to defend the body against pathogens such...